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Garbled text as a event of wrong graphic symbol encoding

Mojibake (Japanese: 文字化け; IPA: [mod͡ʑibake]) is the garbled text that is the result of text existence decoded using an unintended grapheme encoding.^[1] The consequence is a systematic replacement of symbols with completely unrelated ones, frequently from a dissimilar writing organization.

This brandish may include the generic replacement graphic symbol ("�") in places where the binary representation is considered invalid. A replacement tin also involve multiple sequent symbols, as viewed in one encoding, when the same binary code constitutes one symbol in the other encoding. This is either considering of differing constant length encoding (as in Asian 16-scrap encodings vs European 8-bit encodings), or the utilise of variable length encodings (notably UTF-8 and UTF-16).

Failed rendering of glyphs due to either missing fonts or missing glyphs in a font is a different issue that is non to be confused with mojibake. Symptoms of this failed rendering include blocks with the code betoken displayed in hexadecimal or using the generic replacement graphic symbol. Chiefly, these replacements are valid and are the upshot of correct error handling past the software.

Etymology [edit]

Mojibake means "graphic symbol transformation" in Japanese. The discussion is composed of 文字 (moji, IPA: [mod͡ʑi]), "graphic symbol" and 化け (bake, IPA: [bäke̞], pronounced "bah-keh"), "transform".

Causes [edit]

To correctly reproduce the original text that was encoded, the correspondence between the encoded data and the notion of its encoding must be preserved. Every bit mojibake is the example of non-compliance between these, it can be achieved by manipulating the data itself, or only relabeling it.

Mojibake is often seen with text information that have been tagged with a wrong encoding; it may non even exist tagged at all, merely moved between computers with different default encodings. A major source of problem are communication protocols that rely on settings on each computer rather than sending or storing metadata together with the information.

The differing default settings between computers are in part due to differing deployments of Unicode amidst operating system families, and partly the legacy encodings' specializations for different writing systems of man languages. Whereas Linux distributions mostly switched to UTF-eight in 2004,^[2] Microsoft Windows generally uses UTF-16, and sometimes uses viii-flake lawmaking pages for text files in different languages.^{[ dubious – discuss ]}

For some writing systems, an instance beingness Japanese, several encodings have historically been employed, causing users to run into mojibake relatively often. As a Japanese example, the discussion mojibake "文字化け" stored as EUC-JP might be incorrectly displayed every bit "ﾊｸｻ�ｽ､ｱ", "ﾊｸｻ嵂ｽ､ｱ" (MS-932), or "ﾊｸｻ郾ｽ､ｱ" (Shift JIS-2004). The aforementioned text stored as UTF-eight is displayed as "譁�蟄怜喧縺�" if interpreted as Shift JIS. This is further exacerbated if other locales are involved: the aforementioned UTF-viii text appears every bit "文字化ã'" in software that assumes text to be in the Windows-1252 or ISO-8859-1 encodings, usually labelled Western, or (for example) as "鏂囧瓧鍖栥亼" if interpreted as existence in a GBK (Mainland Prc) locale.

Mojibake case

Original text	文		字		化		け
Raw bytes of EUC-JP encoding	CA	B8	BB	FA	B2	BD	A4	B1
Bytes interpreted as Shift-JIS encoding	ﾊ	ｸ	ｻ	郾		ｽ	､	ｱ
Bytes interpreted every bit ISO-8859-1 encoding	Ê	¸	»	ú	²	½	¤	±
Bytes interpreted as GBK encoding	矢		机		步		け

Underspecification [edit]

If the encoding is not specified, information technology is up to the software to decide it past other means. Depending on the blazon of software, the typical solution is either configuration or charset detection heuristics. Both are prone to mis-prediction in not-and so-uncommon scenarios.

The encoding of text files is affected by locale setting, which depends on the user's language, brand of operating organization and possibly other conditions. Therefore, the assumed encoding is systematically wrong for files that come up from a computer with a different setting, or even from a differently localized software within the same organization. For Unicode, one solution is to employ a byte order mark, simply for source code and other machine readable text, many parsers don't tolerate this. Another is storing the encoding equally metadata in the file system. File systems that support extended file attributes can shop this as user.charset.^[iii] This too requires support in software that wants to take advantage of it, merely does not disturb other software.

While a few encodings are easy to notice, in particular UTF-8, there are many that are hard to distinguish (meet charset detection). A spider web browser may not be able to distinguish a page coded in EUC-JP and another in Shift-JIS if the coding scheme is not assigned explicitly using HTTP headers sent along with the documents, or using the HTML document'due south meta tags that are used to substitute for missing HTTP headers if the server cannot be configured to send the proper HTTP headers; see character encodings in HTML.

Mis-specification [edit]

Mojibake too occurs when the encoding is wrongly specified. This oftentimes happens between encodings that are similar. For example, the Eudora email customer for Windows was known to send emails labelled as ISO-8859-1 that were in reality Windows-1252.^[4] The Mac Os version of Eudora did not exhibit this behaviour. Windows-1252 contains extra printable characters in the C1 range (the virtually frequently seen being curved quotation marks and extra dashes), that were non displayed properly in software complying with the ISO standard; this specially affected software running under other operating systems such equally Unix.

Human ignorance [edit]

Of the encodings still in use, many are partially compatible with each other, with ASCII as the predominant common subset. This sets the stage for human ignorance:

• Compatibility can exist a deceptive property, as the mutual subset of characters is unaffected by a mixup of two encodings (encounter Problems in dissimilar writing systems).
• People think they are using ASCII, and tend to characterization whatever superset of ASCII they actually use as "ASCII". Maybe for simplification, but even in academic literature, the give-and-take "ASCII" tin can be found used as an example of something not compatible with Unicode, where evidently "ASCII" is Windows-1252 and "Unicode" is UTF-eight.^[one] Annotation that UTF-8 is backwards uniform with ASCII.

Overspecification [edit]

When at that place are layers of protocols, each trying to specify the encoding based on different information, the least certain data may exist misleading to the recipient. For example, consider a web server serving a static HTML file over HTTP. The character set may be communicated to the customer in whatsoever number of 3 ways:

• in the HTTP header. This information tin be based on server configuration (for instance, when serving a file off disk) or controlled past the application running on the server (for dynamic websites).
• in the file, every bit an HTML meta tag (http-equiv or charset) or the encoding attribute of an XML proclamation. This is the encoding that the author meant to save the particular file in.
• in the file, every bit a byte social club mark. This is the encoding that the author'southward editor actually saved information technology in. Unless an adventitious encoding conversion has happened (by opening it in ane encoding and saving it in another), this will exist correct. It is, all the same, but available in Unicode encodings such as UTF-8 or UTF-xvi.

Lack of hardware or software back up [edit]

Much older hardware is typically designed to support merely one character set and the character set typically cannot exist altered. The character tabular array contained within the brandish firmware will be localized to accept characters for the country the device is to exist sold in, and typically the table differs from country to state. As such, these systems will potentially display mojibake when loading text generated on a system from a different country. Likewise, many early on operating systems do non back up multiple encoding formats and thus will end upwards displaying mojibake if made to brandish non-standard text—early versions of Microsoft Windows and Palm Os for instance, are localized on a per-land ground and will only support encoding standards relevant to the land the localized version will be sold in, and will display mojibake if a file containing a text in a unlike encoding format from the version that the Os is designed to support is opened.

Resolutions [edit]

Applications using UTF-viii every bit a default encoding may accomplish a greater caste of interoperability because of its widespread utilize and astern compatibility with U.s.a.-ASCII. UTF-8 also has the ability to be directly recognised by a simple algorithm, and so that well written software should be able to avert mixing UTF-8 upward with other encodings.

The difficulty of resolving an case of mojibake varies depending on the application inside which it occurs and the causes of it. 2 of the nearly mutual applications in which mojibake may occur are web browsers and give-and-take processors. Modern browsers and word processors often support a wide assortment of grapheme encodings. Browsers often permit a user to change their rendering engine's encoding setting on the wing, while word processors permit the user to select the appropriate encoding when opening a file. Information technology may have some trial and fault for users to notice the correct encoding.

The trouble gets more than complicated when it occurs in an awarding that normally does not support a wide range of character encoding, such as in a non-Unicode computer game. In this example, the user must change the operating organization'southward encoding settings to match that of the game. However, irresolute the system-wide encoding settings can also crusade Mojibake in pre-existing applications. In Windows XP or subsequently, a user also has the option to utilise Microsoft AppLocale, an application that allows the changing of per-application locale settings. However, irresolute the operating system encoding settings is not possible on before operating systems such as Windows 98; to resolve this issue on earlier operating systems, a user would take to use 3rd party font rendering applications.

Problems in different writing systems [edit]

English [edit]

Mojibake in English texts more often than not occurs in punctuation, such as em dashes (—), en dashes (–), and curly quotes (",",','), but rarely in character text, since most encodings agree with ASCII on the encoding of the English alphabet. For example, the pound sign "£" will appear equally "£" if it was encoded by the sender every bit UTF-8 only interpreted past the recipient every bit CP1252 or ISO 8859-1. If iterated using CP1252, this tin lead to "£", "£", "ÃÆ'‚£", etc.

Some computers did, in older eras, have vendor-specific encodings which acquired mismatch also for English text. Commodore make eight-flake computers used PETSCII encoding, particularly notable for inverting the upper and lower case compared to standard ASCII. PETSCII printers worked fine on other computers of the era, only flipped the example of all messages. IBM mainframes use the EBCDIC encoding which does non friction match ASCII at all.

Other Western European languages [edit]

The alphabets of the North Germanic languages, Catalan, Finnish, German, French, Portuguese and Castilian are all extensions of the Latin alphabet. The additional characters are typically the ones that become corrupted, making texts but mildly unreadable with mojibake:

• å, ä, ö in Finnish and Swedish
• à, ç, è, é, ï, í, ò, ó, ú, ü in Catalan
• æ, ø, å in Norwegian and Danish
• á, é, ó, ij, è, ë, ï in Dutch
• ä, ö, ü, and ß in German language
• á, ð, í, ó, ú, ý, æ, ø in Faroese
• á, ð, é, í, ó, ú, ý, þ, æ, ö in Icelandic
• à, â, ç, è, é, ë, ê, ï, î, ô, ù, û, ü, ÿ, æ, œ in French
• à, è, é, ì, ò, ù in Italian
• á, é, í, ñ, ó, ú, ü, ¡, ¿ in Spanish
• à, á, â, ã, ç, é, ê, í, ó, ô, õ, ú in Portuguese (ü no longer used)
• á, é, í, ó, ú in Irish gaelic
• à, è, ì, ò, ù in Scottish Gaelic
• £ in British English

… and their majuscule counterparts, if applicative.

These are languages for which the ISO-8859-one character ready (also known as Latin 1 or Western) has been in apply. However, ISO-8859-1 has been obsoleted by two competing standards, the backward uniform Windows-1252, and the slightly altered ISO-8859-xv. Both add together the Euro sign € and the French œ, simply otherwise whatever defoliation of these three character sets does not create mojibake in these languages. Furthermore, information technology is always safe to translate ISO-8859-1 as Windows-1252, and fairly safe to translate it as ISO-8859-15, in particular with respect to the Euro sign, which replaces the rarely used currency sign (¤). However, with the advent of UTF-8, mojibake has become more common in certain scenarios, e.1000. substitution of text files between UNIX and Windows computers, due to UTF-8's incompatibility with Latin-1 and Windows-1252. But UTF-viii has the power to be directly recognised by a simple algorithm, and so that well written software should be able to avoid mixing UTF-eight upwardly with other encodings, so this was most mutual when many had software not supporting UTF-viii. Virtually of these languages were supported by MS-DOS default CP437 and other machine default encodings, except ASCII, so problems when buying an operating system version were less common. Windows and MS-DOS are not uniform however.

In Swedish, Norwegian, Danish and German, vowels are rarely repeated, and it is commonly obvious when ane graphic symbol gets corrupted, e.g. the second letter in "kÃ⁠¤rlek" ( kärlek , "love"). This way, even though the reader has to guess between å, ä and ö, near all texts remain legible. Finnish text, on the other hand, does characteristic repeating vowels in words similar hääyö ("wedding ceremony dark") which tin can sometimes return text very hard to read (e.g. hääyö appears equally "hÃ⁠¤Ã⁠¤yÃ⁠¶"). Icelandic and Faeroese accept x and 8 possibly confounding characters, respectively, which thus tin make it more hard to guess corrupted characters; Icelandic words like þjóðlöð ("outstanding hospitality") become almost entirely unintelligible when rendered equally "þjóðlöð".

In German, Buchstabensalat ("letter salad") is a common term for this phenomenon, and in Spanish, deformación (literally deformation).

Some users transliterate their writing when using a computer, either by omitting the problematic diacritics, or by using digraph replacements (å → aa, ä/æ → ae, ö/ø → oe, ü → ue etc.). Thus, an author might write "ueber" instead of "über", which is standard practice in German when umlauts are not bachelor. The latter practice seems to be better tolerated in the German linguistic communication sphere than in the Nordic countries. For example, in Norwegian, digraphs are associated with archaic Danish, and may be used jokingly. However, digraphs are useful in communication with other parts of the world. Equally an example, the Norwegian football player Ole Gunnar Solskjær had his name spelled "SOLSKJAER" on his back when he played for Manchester United.

An artifact of UTF-8 misinterpreted as ISO-8859-i, "Ring meg nÃ¥" (" Ring million nå "), was seen in an SMS scam raging in Norway in June 2014.^[5]

Examples

Swedish example:		Smörgås (open up sandwich)
File encoding	Setting in browser	Result
MS-DOS 437	ISO 8859-1	Sm"rg†s
ISO 8859-1	Mac Roman	SmˆrgÂs
UTF-8	ISO 8859-one	Smörgås
UTF-8	Mac Roman	Smörgås

Key and Eastern European [edit]

Users of Central and Eastern European languages can besides be affected. Because about computers were not connected to any network during the mid- to tardily-1980s, there were dissimilar grapheme encodings for every language with diacritical characters (encounter ISO/IEC 8859 and KOI-8), frequently also varying by operating system.

Hungarian [edit]

Hungarian is another affected language, which uses the 26 basic English characters, plus the accented forms á, é, í, ó, ú, ö, ü (all present in the Latin-1 character set up), plus the two characters ő and ű, which are non in Latin-i. These two characters can be correctly encoded in Latin-2, Windows-1250 and Unicode. Before Unicode became common in e-post clients, e-mails containing Hungarian text frequently had the messages ő and ű corrupted, sometimes to the point of unrecognizability. It is common to respond to an electronic mail rendered unreadable (see examples beneath) by character mangling (referred to equally "betűszemét", meaning "letter garbage") with the phrase "Árvíztűrő tükörfúrógép", a nonsense phrase (literally "Flood-resistant mirror-drilling motorcar") containing all absolute characters used in Hungarian.

Examples [edit]

Source encoding	Target encoding	Outcome	Occurrence
Hungarian example		ÁRVÍZTŰRŐ TÜKÖRFÚRÓGÉP árvíztűrő tükörfúrógép	Characters in red are incorrect and practise not match the top-left example.
CP 852	CP 437	╡RV╓ZTδRè TÜKÖRFΘRαGÉP árvízt√rï tükörfúrógép	This was very common in DOS-era when the text was encoded past the Primal European CP 852 encoding; however, the operating system, a software or printer used the default CP 437 encoding. Please annotation that small-case letters are mainly correct, exception with ő (ï) and ű (√). Ü/ü is right because CP 852 was made uniform with German language. Nowadays occurs mainly on printed prescriptions and cheques.
CWI-2	CP 437	ÅRVìZTÿRº TÜKÖRFùRòGÉP árvíztûrô tükörfúrógép	The CWI-2 encoding was designed so that the text remains fairly well-readable fifty-fifty if the display or printer uses the default CP 437 encoding. This encoding was heavily used in the 1980s and early 1990s, but nowadays it is completely deprecated.
Windows-1250	Windows-1252	ÁRVÍZTÛRÕ TÜKÖRFÚRÓGÉP árvíztûrõ tükörfúrógép	The default Western Windows encoding is used instead of the Central-European one. Just ő-Ő (õ-Õ) and ű-Ű (û-Û) are wrong, but the text is completely readable. This is the most common fault nowadays; due to ignorance, it occurs often on webpages or even in printed media.
CP 852	Windows-1250	µRVÖZTëRŠ TšG™RFéRŕ1000 P rvˇztűr‹ t k"rfŁr˘g‚p	Primal European Windows encoding is used instead of DOS encoding. The utilise of ű is correct.
Windows-1250	CP 852	┴RV═ZT█RŇ T▄KÍRF┌RËK╔P ßrvÝztűr§ tŘk÷rf˙rˇgÚp	Central European DOS encoding is used instead of Windows encoding. The use of ű is right.
Quoted-printable	7-chip ASCII	=C1RV=CDZT=DBR=D5 T=DCK=D6RF=DAR=D3G=C9P =E1rv=EDzt=FBr=F5 t=FCthou=F6rf=FAr=F3g=E9p	Mainly caused past wrongly configured mail servers but may occur in SMS messages on some cell-phones as well.
UTF-8	Windows-1252	ÁRVÍZTÅ°RŐ TÃœKÖRFÚRÃ"MÉP árvÃztűrÅ' tü1000örfúrógép	Mainly caused by wrongly configured web services or webmail clients, which were non tested for international usage (as the problem remains concealed for English texts). In this example the actual (often generated) content is in UTF-8; all the same, it is not configured in the HTML headers, so the rendering engine displays information technology with the default Western encoding.

Polish [edit]

Prior to the cosmos of ISO 8859-ii in 1987, users of various computing platforms used their own character encodings such every bit AmigaPL on Amiga, Atari Club on Atari ST and Masovia, IBM CP852, Mazovia and Windows CP1250 on IBM PCs. Shine companies selling early DOS computers created their own mutually-incompatible ways to encode Polish characters and simply reprogrammed the EPROMs of the video cards (typically CGA, EGA, or Hercules) to provide hardware code pages with the needed glyphs for Polish—arbitrarily located without reference to where other calculator sellers had placed them.

The situation began to improve when, after force per unit area from academic and user groups, ISO 8859-ii succeeded as the "Cyberspace standard" with express back up of the ascendant vendors' software (today largely replaced past Unicode). With the numerous issues caused by the diverseness of encodings, even today some users tend to refer to Smooth diacritical characters equally krzaczki ([kshach-kih], lit. "lilliputian shrubs").

Russian and other Cyrillic alphabets [edit]

Mojibake may exist colloquially chosen krakozyabry ( кракозя́бры [krɐkɐˈzʲæbrɪ̈]) in Russian, which was and remains complicated by several systems for encoding Cyrillic.^[vi] The Soviet Wedlock and early Russian Federation developed KOI encodings ( Kod Obmena Informatsiey , Код Обмена Информацией , which translates to "Code for Information Exchange"). This began with Cyrillic-only vii-bit KOI7, based on ASCII merely with Latin and some other characters replaced with Cyrillic letters. And then came viii-scrap KOI8 encoding that is an ASCII extension which encodes Cyrillic messages simply with loftier-bit prepare octets corresponding to 7-bit codes from KOI7. It is for this reason that KOI8 text, even Russian, remains partially readable after stripping the eighth bit, which was considered as a major reward in the age of 8BITMIME-unaware email systems. For example, words " Школа русского языка " shkola russkogo yazyka , encoded in KOI8 and then passed through the high bit stripping process, cease up rendered as "[KOLA RUSSKOGO qZYKA". Eventually KOI8 gained dissimilar flavors for Russian and Bulgarian (KOI8-R), Ukrainian (KOI8-U), Byelorussian (KOI8-RU) and even Tajik (KOI8-T).

Meanwhile, in the Westward, Lawmaking folio 866 supported Ukrainian and Belarusian also equally Russian/Bulgarian in MS-DOS. For Microsoft Windows, Code Page 1251 added support for Serbian and other Slavic variants of Cyrillic.

Most recently, the Unicode encoding includes code points for practically all the characters of all the earth's languages, including all Cyrillic characters.

Earlier Unicode, it was necessary to friction match text encoding with a font using the aforementioned encoding system. Failure to practice this produced unreadable gibberish whose specific appearance varied depending on the verbal combination of text encoding and font encoding. For instance, attempting to view not-Unicode Cyrillic text using a font that is limited to the Latin alphabet, or using the default ("Western") encoding, typically results in text that consists almost entirely of vowels with diacritical marks. (KOI8 " Библиотека " ( biblioteka , library) becomes "âÉÂÌÉÏÔÅËÁ".) Using Windows codepage 1251 to view text in KOI8 or vice versa results in garbled text that consists by and large of capital letters (KOI8 and codepage 1251 share the same ASCII region, but KOI8 has upper-case letter letters in the region where codepage 1251 has lowercase, and vice versa). In general, Cyrillic gibberish is symptomatic of using the wrong Cyrillic font. During the early years of the Russian sector of the Earth Broad Web, both KOI8 and codepage 1251 were common. Every bit of 2017, one can even so meet HTML pages in codepage 1251 and, rarely, KOI8 encodings, as well equally Unicode. (An estimated 1.7% of all web pages worldwide – all languages included – are encoded in codepage 1251.^[seven]) Though the HTML standard includes the ability to specify the encoding for whatever given web page in its source,^[8] this is sometimes neglected, forcing the user to switch encodings in the browser manually.

In Bulgarian, mojibake is often called majmunica ( маймуница ), meaning "monkey's [alphabet]". In Serbian, information technology is called đubre ( ђубре ), meaning "trash". Dissimilar the quondam USSR, South Slavs never used something like KOI8, and Code Page 1251 was the dominant Cyrillic encoding there before Unicode. Therefore, these languages experienced fewer encoding incompatibility troubles than Russian. In the 1980s, Bulgarian computers used their own MIK encoding, which is superficially like to (although incompatible with) CP866.

Example

Russian case:		Кракозябры ( krakozyabry , garbage characters)
File encoding	Setting in browser	Result
MS-DOS 855	ISO 8859-1	Æá ÆÖóÞ¢áñ
KOI8-R	ISO 8859-1	ëÒÁËÏÚÑÂÒÙ
UTF-8	KOI8-R	п я─п╟п╨п╬п╥я▐п╠я─я▀

Yugoslav languages [edit]

Croation, Bosnian, Serbian (the dialects of the Yugoslav Serbo-Croatian linguistic communication) and Slovenian add to the basic Latin alphabet the letters š, đ, č, ć, ž, and their capital counterparts Š, Đ, Č, Ć, Ž (only č/Č, š/Š and ž/Ž in Slovenian; officially, although others are used when needed, by and large in foreign names, as well). All of these messages are defined in Latin-ii and Windows-1250, while only some (š, Š, ž, Ž, Đ) be in the usual Os-default Windows-1252, and are there because of some other languages.

Although Mojibake can occur with whatsoever of these characters, the letters that are not included in Windows-1252 are much more prone to errors. Thus, fifty-fifty nowadays, "šđčćž ŠĐČĆŽ" is frequently displayed as "šðèæž ŠÐÈÆŽ", although ð, è, æ, È, Æ are never used in Slavic languages.

When confined to basic ASCII (most user names, for example), common replacements are: š→s, đ→dj, č→c, ć→c, ž→z (capital forms analogously, with Đ→Dj or Đ→DJ depending on discussion case). All of these replacements introduce ambiguities, then reconstructing the original from such a form is unremarkably done manually if required.

The Windows-1252 encoding is important considering the English versions of the Windows operating arrangement are most widespread, not localized ones.^{[ citation needed ]} The reasons for this include a relatively pocket-size and fragmented market, increasing the price of high quality localization, a loftier degree of software piracy (in plough caused past high price of software compared to income), which discourages localization efforts, and people preferring English versions of Windows and other software.^{[ citation needed ]}

The drive to differentiate Croatian from Serbian, Bosnian from Croatian and Serbian, and now even Montenegrin from the other three creates many issues. At that place are many different localizations, using unlike standards and of different quality. At that place are no common translations for the vast amount of computer terminology originating in English. In the end, people utilize adopted English words ("kompjuter" for "figurer", "kompajlirati" for "compile," etc.), and if they are unaccustomed to the translated terms may non understand what some option in a carte du jour is supposed to do based on the translated phrase. Therefore, people who understand English, as well every bit those who are accustomed to English language terminology (who are most, because English language terminology is also mostly taught in schools because of these problems) regularly choose the original English language versions of non-specialist software.

When Cyrillic script is used (for Macedonian and partially Serbian), the problem is like to other Cyrillic-based scripts.

Newer versions of English language Windows allow the code page to be changed (older versions require special English versions with this support), but this setting can be and often was incorrectly set. For case, Windows 98 and Windows Me tin can be set up to most non-right-to-left single-byte code pages including 1250, but only at install time.

Caucasian languages [edit]

The writing systems of sure languages of the Caucasus region, including the scripts of Georgian and Armenian, may produce mojibake. This problem is particularly acute in the instance of ArmSCII or ARMSCII, a set of obsolete graphic symbol encodings for the Armenian alphabet which accept been superseded by Unicode standards. ArmSCII is not widely used considering of a lack of support in the computer industry. For case, Microsoft Windows does not back up it.

Asian encodings [edit]

Another type of mojibake occurs when text is erroneously parsed in a multi-byte encoding, such equally one of the encodings for E Asian languages. With this kind of mojibake more than one (typically ii) characters are corrupted at once, east.k. "k舐lek" ( kärlek ) in Swedish, where " är " is parsed equally "舐". Compared to the above mojibake, this is harder to read, since letters unrelated to the problematic å, ä or ö are missing, and is peculiarly problematic for short words starting with å, ä or ö such equally "än" (which becomes "舅"). Since ii letters are combined, the mojibake also seems more random (over fifty variants compared to the normal three, not counting the rarer capitals). In some rare cases, an entire text cord which happens to include a pattern of particular give-and-take lengths, such as the judgement "Bush hid the facts", may be misinterpreted.

Vietnamese [edit]

In Vietnamese, the phenomenon is called chữ ma , loạn mã can occur when computer try to encode diacritic character defined in Windows-1258, TCVN3 or VNI to UTF-8. Chữ ma was common in Vietnam when user was using Windows XP computer or using cheap mobile phone.

Example:		Trăm năm trong cõi người ta (Truyện Kiều, Nguyễn Du)
Original encoding	Target encoding	Result
Windows-1258	UTF-8	Trăg năthousand trong cõi người ta
TCVN3	UTF-eight	Tr¨m n¨1000 trong câi ngêi ta
VNI (Windows)	UTF-viii	Traêyard naêm trong coõi ngöôøi ta

Japanese [edit]

In Japanese, the aforementioned miracle is, as mentioned, called mojibake ( 文字化け ). It is a particular trouble in Japan due to the numerous different encodings that exist for Japanese text. Alongside Unicode encodings like UTF-8 and UTF-16, there are other standard encodings, such as Shift-JIS (Windows machines) and EUC-JP (UNIX systems). Mojibake, as well equally existence encountered by Japanese users, is also often encountered by non-Japanese when attempting to run software written for the Japanese market.

Chinese [edit]

In Chinese, the same phenomenon is chosen Luàn mǎ (Pinyin, Simplified Chinese 乱码 , Traditional Chinese 亂碼 , meaning 'cluttered code'), and tin occur when computerised text is encoded in one Chinese character encoding but is displayed using the wrong encoding. When this occurs, it is often possible to fix the issue by switching the character encoding without loss of information. The situation is complicated because of the existence of several Chinese character encoding systems in employ, the most mutual ones being: Unicode, Big5, and Guobiao (with several astern compatible versions), and the possibility of Chinese characters being encoded using Japanese encoding.

Information technology is easy to identify the original encoding when luanma occurs in Guobiao encodings:

Original encoding	Viewed equally	Result	Original text	Note
Big5	GB	?T瓣в变巨肚	三國志曹操傳	Garbled Chinese characters with no hint of original pregnant. The scarlet character is not a valid codepoint in GB2312.
Shift-JIS	GB	暥帤壔偗僥僗僩	文字化けテスト	Kana is displayed as characters with the radical 亻, while kanji are other characters. Most of them are extremely uncommon and not in practical use in mod Chinese.
EUC-KR	GB	叼力捞钙胶 抛农聪墨	디제이맥스 테크니카	Random common Simplified Chinese characters which in most cases make no sense. Easily identifiable because of spaces between every several characters.

An additional problem is caused when encodings are missing characters, which is mutual with rare or blowsy characters that are still used in personal or identify names. Examples of this are Taiwanese politicians Wang Chien-shien (Chinese: 王建煊; pinyin: Wáng Jiànxuān )'s "煊", Yu Shyi-kun (simplified Chinese: 游锡堃; traditional Chinese: 游錫堃; pinyin: Yóu Xíkūn )'s "堃" and vocalist David Tao (Chinese: 陶喆; pinyin: Táo Zhé )'southward "喆" missing in Big5, ex-Red china Premier Zhu Rongji (Chinese: 朱镕基; pinyin: Zhū Róngjī )'southward "镕" missing in GB2312, copyright symbol "©" missing in GBK.^[9]

Newspapers accept dealt with this problem in various ways, including using software to combine two existing, similar characters; using a picture of the personality; or simply substituting a homophone for the rare character in the hope that the reader would be able to make the correct inference.

Indic text [edit]

A like effect can occur in Brahmic or Indic scripts of South Asia, used in such Indo-Aryan or Indic languages as Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu), Bengali, Punjabi, Marathi, and others, even if the character set up employed is properly recognized past the application. This is because, in many Indic scripts, the rules by which private letter symbols combine to create symbols for syllables may not be properly understood by a computer missing the appropriate software, fifty-fifty if the glyphs for the individual letter forms are bachelor.

One example of this is the old Wikipedia logo, which attempts to evidence the character coordinating to "wi" (the beginning syllable of "Wikipedia") on each of many puzzle pieces. The puzzle piece meant to bear the Devanagari character for "wi" instead used to brandish the "wa" graphic symbol followed by an unpaired "i" modifier vowel, easily recognizable every bit mojibake generated by a estimator non configured to display Indic text.^[10] The logo as redesigned as of May 2010^[ref] has stock-still these errors.

The idea of Plainly Text requires the operating organisation to provide a font to display Unicode codes. This font is unlike from Os to OS for Singhala and it makes orthographically wrong glyphs for some letters (syllables) across all operating systems. For example, the 'reph', the curt class for 'r' is a diacritic that commonly goes on top of a evidently letter. However, it is wrong to go on top of some letters similar 'ya' or 'la' in specific contexts. For Sanskritic words or names inherited by modern languages, such every bit कार्य, IAST: kārya, or आर्या, IAST: āryā, it is apt to put it on top of these letters. Past dissimilarity, for like sounds in mod languages which result from their specific rules, it is not put on meridian, such every bit the word करणाऱ्या, IAST: karaṇāryā, a stalk form of the common discussion करणारा/री, IAST: karaṇārā/rī, in the Marä thi language.^[11] But it happens in virtually operating systems. This appears to be a fault of internal programming of the fonts. In Mac OS and iOS, the muurdhaja l (dark l) and 'u' combination and its long form both yield incorrect shapes.^{[ citation needed ]}

Some Indic and Indic-derived scripts, nearly notably Lao, were not officially supported by Windows XP until the release of Vista.^[12] Still, various sites have fabricated costless-to-download fonts.

Burmese [edit]

Due to Western sanctions^[13] and the late arrival of Burmese language back up in computers,^{[14] [15]} much of the early Burmese localization was homegrown without international cooperation. The prevailing means of Burmese support is via the Zawgyi font, a font that was created as a Unicode font but was in fact only partially Unicode compliant.^[15] In the Zawgyi font, some codepoints for Burmese script were implemented as specified in Unicode, but others were non.^[16] The Unicode Consortium refers to this as ad hoc font encodings.^[17] With the advent of mobile phones, mobile vendors such as Samsung and Huawei simply replaced the Unicode compliant system fonts with Zawgyi versions.^[14]

Due to these ad hoc encodings, communications between users of Zawgyi and Unicode would render as garbled text. To become around this result, content producers would make posts in both Zawgyi and Unicode.^[xviii] Myanmar regime has designated i October 2019 equally "U-Day" to officially switch to Unicode.^[13] The full transition is estimated to accept 2 years.^[xix]

African languages [edit]

In certain writing systems of Africa, unencoded text is unreadable. Texts that may produce mojibake include those from the Horn of Africa such every bit the Ge'ez script in Federal democratic republic of ethiopia and Eritrea, used for Amharic, Tigre, and other languages, and the Somali language, which employs the Osmanya alphabet. In Southern Africa, the Mwangwego alphabet is used to write languages of Republic of malaŵi and the Mandombe alphabet was created for the Democratic Democracy of the Congo, but these are not generally supported. Various other writing systems native to West Africa present similar problems, such as the N'Ko alphabet, used for Manding languages in Guinea, and the Vai syllabary, used in Liberia.

Arabic [edit]

Another afflicted linguistic communication is Arabic (see beneath). The text becomes unreadable when the encodings do not match.

Examples [edit]

File encoding	Setting in browser	Result
Arabic example:		(Universal Announcement of Homo Rights)
Browser rendering:		الإعلان العالمى لحقوق الإنسان
UTF-eight	Windows-1252	الإعلان العالمى لحقوق الإنسان
	KOI8-R	О╩©ь╖ы└ь╔ь╧ы└ь╖ы├ ь╖ы└ь╧ь╖ы└ы┘ы┴ ы└ь╜ы┌ы┬ы┌ ь╖ы└ь╔ы├ьЁь╖ы├
	ISO 8859-five	яЛПиЇй�иЅиЙй�иЇй� иЇй�иЙиЇй�й�й� й�ий�й�й� иЇй�иЅй�иГиЇй�
	CP 866	я╗┐╪з┘Д╪е╪╣┘Д╪з┘Ж ╪з┘Д╪╣╪з┘Д┘Е┘Й ┘Д╪н┘В┘И┘В ╪з┘Д╪е┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж
	ISO 8859-6	ُ؛؟ظ�ع�ظ�ظ�ع�ظ�ع� ظ�ع�ظ�ظ�ع�ع�ع� ع�ظع�ع�ع� ظ�ع�ظ�ع�ظ�ظ�ع�
	ISO 8859-2	اŮ�ŘĽŘšŮ�اŮ� اŮ�ؚاŮ�Ů�Ů� Ů�ŘŮ�Ů�Ů� اŮ�ŘĽŮ�ساŮ�
Windows-1256	Windows-1252	ÇáÅÚáÇä ÇáÚÇáãì áÍÞæÞ ÇáÅäÓÇä

The examples in this article practice not accept UTF-viii as browser setting, because UTF-eight is easily recognisable, so if a browser supports UTF-8 it should recognise it automatically, and not try to translate something else every bit UTF-eight.

See also [edit]

• Lawmaking signal
• Replacement character
• Substitute graphic symbol
• Newline – The conventions for representing the line suspension differ between Windows and Unix systems. Though virtually software supports both conventions (which is piffling), software that must preserve or brandish the departure (e.grand. version control systems and data comparison tools) can become substantially more than hard to use if not adhering to one convention.
• Byte club mark – The most in-band way to store the encoding together with the information – prepend it. This is by intention invisible to humans using compliant software, but will by pattern exist perceived as "garbage characters" to incompliant software (including many interpreters).
• HTML entities – An encoding of special characters in HTML, mostly optional, merely required for certain characters to escape interpretation as markup.

  While failure to use this transformation is a vulnerability (see cross-site scripting), applying it too many times results in garbling of these characters. For case, the quotation mark " becomes ", ", " and then on.

• Bush hid the facts

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b} King, Ritchie (2012). "Will unicode soon be the universal code? [The Information]". IEEE Spectrum. 49 (7): 60. doi:10.1109/MSPEC.2012.6221090.
2. ^ WINDISCHMANN, Stephan (31 March 2004). "curl -v linux.ars (Internationalization)". Ars Technica . Retrieved 5 October 2018.
3. ^ "Guidelines for extended attributes". 2013-05-17. Retrieved 2015-02-fifteen .
4. ^ "Unicode mailinglist on the Eudora email client". 2001-05-13. Retrieved 2014-xi-01 .
5. ^ "sms-scam". June xviii, 2014. Retrieved June 19, 2014.
6. ^ p. 141, Command + Alt + Delete: A Dictionary of Cyberslang, Jonathon Keats, Globe Pequot, 2007, ISBN one-59921-039-viii.
7. ^ "Usage of Windows-1251 for websites".
8. ^ "Declaring character encodings in HTML".
9. ^ "PRC GBK (XGB)". Microsoft. Archived from the original on 2002-x-01. Conversion map between Code folio 936 and Unicode. Need manually selecting GB18030 or GBK in browser to view it correctly.
10. ^ Cohen, Noam (June 25, 2007). "Some Errors Defy Fixes: A Typo in Wikipedia's Logo Fractures the Sanskrit". The New York Times . Retrieved July 17, 2009.
11. ^ https://marāthi.indiatyping.com/
12. ^ "Content Moved (Windows)". Msdn.microsoft.com. Retrieved 2014-02-05 .
13. ^ ^{a b} "Unicode in, Zawgyi out: Modernity finally catches upward in Myanmar'south digital world". The Japan Times. 27 September 2019. Retrieved 24 December 2019. Oct. ane is "U-24-hour interval", when Myanmar officially volition adopt the new system.... Microsoft and Apple helped other countries standardize years ago, but Western sanctions meant Myanmar lost out.
14. ^ ^{a b} Hotchkiss, Griffin (March 23, 2016). "Battle of the fonts". Borderland Myanmar . Retrieved 24 December 2019. With the release of Windows XP service pack two, circuitous scripts were supported, which made it possible for Windows to render a Unicode-compliant Burmese font such as Myanmar1 (released in 2005). ... Myazedi, Fleck, and subsequently Zawgyi, circumscribed the rendering problem past adding actress lawmaking points that were reserved for Myanmar's indigenous languages. Not only does the re-mapping prevent future ethnic language support, it also results in a typing system that can be disruptive and inefficient, even for experienced users. ... Huawei and Samsung, the ii near popular smartphone brands in Myanmar, are motivated only by capturing the largest market share, which means they back up Zawgyi out of the box.
15. ^ ^{a b} Sin, Thant (seven September 2019). "Unified nether one font organization as Myanmar prepares to drift from Zawgyi to Unicode". Rising Voices . Retrieved 24 December 2019. Standard Myanmar Unicode fonts were never mainstreamed unlike the private and partially Unicode compliant Zawgyi font. ... Unicode volition amend natural language processing
16. ^ "Why Unicode is Needed". Google Lawmaking: Zawgyi Project . Retrieved 31 October 2013.
17. ^ "Myanmar Scripts and Languages". Frequently Asked Questions. Unicode Consortium. Retrieved 24 December 2019. "UTF-8" technically does not apply to advert hoc font encodings such as Zawgyi.
18. ^ LaGrow, Nick; Pruzan, Miri (September 26, 2019). "Integrating autoconversion: Facebook'southward path from Zawgyi to Unicode - Facebook Applied science". Facebook Engineering. Facebook. Retrieved 25 December 2019. It makes communication on digital platforms difficult, as content written in Unicode appears garbled to Zawgyi users and vice versa. ... In order to better reach their audiences, content producers in Myanmar oftentimes mail service in both Zawgyi and Unicode in a single post, not to mention English or other languages.
19. ^ Saw Yi Nanda (21 November 2019). "Myanmar switch to Unicode to take two years: app developer". The Myanmar Times . Retrieved 24 December 2019.

External links [edit]

spencerthersenight.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojibake

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